How does act one scene one provide an effective opening to Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How does act one scene one give a viable opening to Romeo and Juliet? Paper In Shakespeares romeo and juliet, the primary scene gives a viable opening scene. This article shows how and what affected the crowd in act one, scene one in the old style 1594 play. The elements that will be investigated are the manner by which the entertainers assume their jobs, how activity can be controlled to have a more prominent impact upon the crowd, the impact of a character and emotional gadgets and how those components added impact to the crowd in 1595 (when it was first preformed). The impacts of a character can likewise be included when the characters are not there. For example the way that Romeo and Juliet dont show up affects the crowd. The principal thing that occurs in Romeo and Juliet is two Capulets show up. This in itself is successful. It is on the grounds that the crowd would anticipate that two of the principle characters should show up, so when the play pushes two nobodies out onto the primary scene, the crowd at that point realize that when the fundamental characters do show up itll be all the more fascinating rather then simply releasing them in the main second of the play. The crowd would need Romeo and Juliet to show up as a result of the title (The Lamentable Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet), people including the crowd need to check whether the two characters are deserving of being giving the play title (they wouldnt call it Romeo and Juliet on the grounds that they are two exhausting characters). They do this since they need to pass judgment, sinc e the time the very beginning people have needed to pass judgment, this play lets them do that anyway Shakespeare denies them of there frantic deciding in this first scene. This makes an impact where the crowd are so energetically anticipating the appearance of Romeo and Juliet that they dont need to take there eyes of the play. In a manner it makes anticipation, the crowd need it however are being made to hang tight for it. Its like keeping a youngster from Christmas yet they have paid to be denied which aggravates it and has a more prominent impact. We will compose a custom article test on How does act one scene one give a viable opening to Romeo and Juliet? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on How does act one scene one give a powerful opening to Romeo and Juliet? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on How does act one scene one give a powerful opening to Romeo and Juliet? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Anyway one could state that they don't show up in the primary scene in light of the fact that the principal scene is so loaded with loathe that the author needed to show that the two principle characters are not part of this contempt. What, drawn, and discuss harmony? I detest the word, as I loathe hellfire is the thing that Tybalt says; it portends the entire scene (and perhaps the entire play) and shows that the scene will be rough which implies that Romeo and Juliet won't show up. I imagine that the author utilized the scene to show that Romeo and Juliet are not part of the disdain since it draws in the crowd progressively, implying that it will greaterly affect the crowd. An impact where the crowd will it will keep the crowd fixed onto the stage since they need to see the second where Romeo and Juliet do show up so it can let them to satisfy there need to pass judgment. The impacts of activity are likewise utilized in Romeo and Juliet. In the main scene there is a battle scene. This can develop tension. It can do this by varying who is in an all the more oppressive position, so it could show Benvoilio wining in the slightest bit and Tybalt wining in the other. This has an impact where the crowd dont realize who is going to win and will continue watching to see who wins this battle. Anyway the executive could utilize the component of shock on the crowd. This is the place the executive shows one of the two warriors winning all through the entire battle and afterward directly at last give the washout all the force. This will have an impact where the crowd are placed in a bogus condition of security and omniscience yet then dropped from the omniscient seat at max throttle. Along these lines the impact will hit them harder in light of the fact that they themselves have lost something, and that something is omniscience. I figure the one that will draw in and influence the crowd the most is where the two contenders are continually changing places of who is winning. I think this on the grounds that with the other thought, there is a danger of the crowd getting exhausted. A gigantic measure of impact can emerge out of how the entertainers are assuming their jobs. For example, Tybalt is as of now an irate individual from the manner in which he talks yet the manner in which he moves can offer the crowd an opportunity to perceive how savage he is. By indicating that Tybalt is a fierce individual, the crowd will imagine that he may be answerable for the passings of the two darlings. This has an impact where the crowd need to check whether they are correct, the crowd need to be correct and yet need something other than what's expected to occur so they can be stunned, so as they stand by to check whether they are correct or wrong, Shakespeare has precisely what he needed: the crowds consideration. The chief can do all that essentially making Tybalt a rushed character that moves around a great deal, the caring that makes a ton of unexpected developments. This will show the crowd that he is a fierce individual. Tybalt can likewise be seen as rough by making s tatements like his life relies upon it. This will make it seem as though that he is genuinely energetic about what he says. What drawn and discuss harmony? I loathe the word, similarly as I detest hellfire is the thing that Tybalt says during a battle among him and Benvolio. If Tybalt somehow managed to state that with energy and keeping in mind that he was moving near (in light of the fact that he would be so discomforted by the word harmony), it would have an impact where the crowd would believe that they realize that Tybalt is answerable for the demise (which they were educated on in the preface) however need to see that he is so they can have the wonder of being correct. Romeo and Juliet likewise have a great deal of ways it can influence the crowd through sensational gadgets, for example, emotional incongruity. Sensational incongruity is utilized in Romeo and Juliet in the preface; it says that two darlings will kick the bucket to patch the two groups of the progressing battle. The crowd realize that two individuals will pass on (which is more than the characters) anyway they don't have the foggiest idea when they will pass on. Which is actually why it impacts the crowd in act one, scene one. The crowd are anxious to see the two sweethearts, the darlings that will undoubtedly kick the bucket. It makes a compelling opening scene since it denies the crowd of seeing the future-dead. The crowd need to see them, so they can support them. By this I mean the crowd are as of now so lost in the play that they need to whoop to the darlings and let them know of their deficient demise. They need to be messianic; they need to be the darlings rescuer. Anyway you could state that the crowd are recounted the passing since, Shakespeare needs them to concentrate more on the main scene. So as the crowd are searching for the living dead, Shakespeare can toss a battle scene. This will have an impact where the crowd are as yet considering something different and watching this sensational battle among Benvolio and Tybalt. The impact of sexual allusions is likewise utilized. Sexual insinuations are utilized in a comedic way but at the same time are pertinent to the crowd at that point. They are pertinent to the crowd in light of the fact that at that point, things were significantly increasingly moderate and shut (words, for example, sex would be what could be compared to the f word). So not exclusively would the crowd be chuckling at it, theyd likewise be stunned. In act one, scene one, there is one sexual allusion that sticks out. My exposed weapon is out is the thing that Sampson says, it sticks in people groups minds since it is so unbelievably out there that the crowd need a greater amount of it, they need to be freed from the traditionalist limits. Albeit one could state that the sexual allusions are there to give quick fixes simply help the crowds enthusiasm for the play. By essentially reestablishing the crowds intrigue Shakespeare can successfully show something significantly progressively compelling. The crowd just because really know by giving them a quick fix that itll lead to something better which has a two sided connotation. Shakespeare needs to subconsciously advise the crowd to keep there intrigue however by basically doing that activity, the crowd know that something great is going to occur, which is the impact Shakespeare had gotten them to take more intrigue. My stripped device is out is a sexual allusion that in the long run paves the way to a battle. This demonstrates the point about sexual allusions being there to reestablish the crowds intrigue so it can show something progressively viable, for example, a battle. There is additionally another thought that Shakespeare put those sexual allusions in the play on the grounds that the individuals who use to go to them were not excessively smart (during the 1590s to be instructed would be uncommon), so they were handily entertained. So truly he was simply making his play engaging for a wide range of individuals. I think Shakespeare utilized that the more instructed crowd individuals would perceive this as an endeavor to pick up the un-taught individuals intrigue which would likewise get their advantage. The informed individuals thought he needs their advantage, why? this made the informed ones give more consideration. So in this circumstance, Shakespeare utilizes an impact so it is successful to all the crowd snatching everyones intrigue so he can give them something substantially more viable, for example, a battle. Shakespeare utilized numerous approaches to make a compelling opening scene; individuals may state how distinctively he did them however one thing is certain. He created a decent and powerful opening scene; I realize he did this in light of the fact that through me essentially perusing it I can envision the crowds response. In the event that I can see the viability on a page, itll be vastly improved on a phase.

Becoming Successful: A Good Business Strategy

Getting Successful: A Good Business Strategy Turning into an effective business person doesnt occur coincidentally or by some coincidence. It is a long procedure that includes different methodologies, attributes and nature of individual who needs to turn into a fruitful business person. Madan Paliwal who is a fruitful business person in his state, says Becoming an effective business visionary isn't a simple undertaking! There are sure characteristics and systems that are completely vital on the off chance that you might want to get effective in your undertakings. Madan Paliwals model shows that how a few attributes, characteristics and systems backing to turning into a fruitful business person. He emphatically has confidence in quality instead of amounts. As indicated by Sharma (2009), It is basic to follow a few systems for the development and emphatically improvement of business. A business person sorts out various kinds of enterprises directly from initiation has various methodologies and require a top to bottom information base. The significance is the business visionary beginnings and works his own new business. normal for An Entrepreneur Kant (2000), All the business person were men of order, high uprightness and with solid requirement for accomplishment. In India Mr. Madan Paliwal CMD of Miraj Group of Industries has following attributes and characteristics which is significant: Activity: Mr. Madan Paliwal utilized assets and plan for his business. He began his business with Rs. 200 (Â £3) capital. Presently Miraj Group of Companies capital cross Rs. 1000 Crore (Â £15000000). The accompanying organizations in Miraj Group of Companies: Miraj Products Pvt. Ltd., Miraj multicolor, Miraj pipe fittings, Miraj Hotels, Miraj Engineering, Eye see movies, Miraj designers, Miraj realcon, Asia packs. (Gathering profile of miraj gathering) Miraj bunches customer items are tobacco, tea, cleanser, matches, plastic, fixed, pipes and so forth. In this manner we can say the business visionary should be activity to utilize the accessible assets and plan for every one of the individuals who are engaged with a venture. Objective: A business visionary ought to have the option to set sensible yet testing objectives for himself just as for others in the association. At the hour of starting Madan Paliwal had clear objective and he has accomplished most extreme objective. Association for long time: Madan Paliwal began his business on eighteenth August 1987. He proceeds include in his business. Consequently responsibility from the business visionary for longer period might be 5 to 15 years is fundamental for conceptualization, building and running a venture. Limit with regards to critical thinking: In the underlying periods of a venture many early stage struggles may occur and a business visionary should be an innovative issue solver to transform troubles into points of interest. Madan Paliwals life is brimming with battle. He tackled numerous issues in his business. Great group pioneer and help: A business visionary develops his group; he ought to teach them, keep them on significant level of inspiration and furthermore give a domain to innovativeness and great work culture. Madan Paliwal began his business as a solitary individual yet now a days 1000 representatives in his organizations. Fiery: Managing assets and running an endeavor calls for extended periods of work for longer timeframe and henceforth a business visionary is a man of high vitality level. Madan Paliwal works 15-16 Hrs. day by day. As per him - A work is likewise accomplish difficult work day by day in his life however he acquires just 100-200 Rs. every day, henceforth business visionary accomplish buckle down in right manner. ( Paliwal, 2008) Great relational abilities: As a pioneer a business visionary discusses adequately with all concerned, for example, agents, representatives, clients, providers and all who are worried about the new venture. Madan Paliwal is additionally acceptable communicator. Mental capacity: Madan Paliwal conceived at Nathdwara, A humble community in Rajasthan (India). He began little scope enterprises (Miraj ventures), presently it is changed over into Miraj Products Pvt. Ltd. Sharma (2009) A business visionary will take care of business of elevated level knowledge, innovative, positive reasoning and chief in view of clear destinations. Great Human connection: Tactful and warm human connection is a significant factor which carries accomplishment to a business visionary. Enthusiastic strength and keeping himself as a model to other people. Inspires the representatives to place their best execution at all levels in the association. Madan Paliwal likewise follows great human relations. Procedures: Kant (2000) Strategies are the method of playing out the objective for example the most effective method to accomplish a specific work for the accomplishment of foreordained goals. 2.0 Business Strategies: There are different procedures which are set up in the business endeavor like- 2.1. Market Strategies Market Strategies incorporates the companys relationship with existing and potential clients, its information on changing needs and openings in the market, the manner in which it distinguishes and arrives at its clients. Madan Paliwal began Real-bequest business at Jaipur. He propelled reasonable homes, Villas, business complex and so on. His showcasing techniques were generally excellent. Subsequent to getting achievement in Jaipur he began new ventures in Ajmer, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Mumbai different urban communities in India. He says that the principle techniques that are fundamental for getting accomplishment in showcase is pull in the market to us, Examine administrations suspicions, discernments, inclinations about the market, and decide to what degree they are legitimate. Lastly assess new open doors in the market, new items, coordinated effort with others and so on (paliwal, 2008) 2.2. Association Strategies Association comprises of the structures, frameworks, arrangements, systems and exercises of a business, the way where it practices authority, takes choices, conveys, organizes and coordinates its exercises. Madan Paliwal is acceptable coordinator. He oversees in excess of 1000 representatives in his gathering of organizations. He says the fundamental techniques that are important for accomplishment in association systems are: Analyze the occupations of officials, chiefs, and directors to distinguish undertakings that can be assigned to bring down levels and the conditions important to make that designation compelling. Next set up clear sets of expectations for each position, and make a framework whereby the duties and authority of each position are obvious to others in the organization. Moreover decide if we can advance any new frameworks that will additionally improve our exhibition. Decide whether there are frameworks effectively utilized by different organizations that could be ut ilized by our organization. At long last Assess the adequacy of significant frameworks in the organization (for example Bookkeeping , Budgeting , Personnel data, Planning and so on.) as far as their speed, their faculty necessities, nature of work, cost of activities, and whether completely being utilized.(paliwal 2008) 2.3. Items, sells and administrations techniques It implies the limit of the organization to convey items and administrations. It incorporates the range and nature of items and administrations it advertises, the specialized information and aptitude of deals and administration staff, and the degree of innovation fused in its items and administrations and used to carry on business. Madan Paliwal propelled moderate homes for center lower class individuals in each venture on the grounds that reasonable homes selling without any problem. In the wake of selling homes estates he dispatches business complex in venture, thus business complex (exorbitant) become effective (meet with paliwal, 2010). He says that fundamental procedures that are essential for achievement in Products, sells and administrations systems are: Improve the innovation of our items and administrations by including new measurement into it and Examine each innovation in our organization utilizes. What's more, recognize approaches to decrease cost. At that point Match our items and administrations as intently as conceivable with the requirements of the market. Next Identify and adjust new and ongoing innovations to all the more likely address the issues of our clients. Moreover Introduce new or improved advances inside that will improve the working of our own association. Other than this Make improvement in our association (structure, exercises, frameworks, work positions, methodology, rules, guidelines and so on.) that will improve the turn of events and activity of our innovation. At long last ceaselessly grow and redesign the item and administrations information and specialized mastery of our kin. 2.4. Fund Strategies This segment characterizes the manner by which the organization oversees screens and uses capital assets for its development. It incorporates the nature of frameworks and abilities for bookkeeping, planning and budgetary administration, money and credit the board, authority over buying and stock, access to capital. Madan Paliwal began his business with just Rs. 200 capital. He follows following budgetary techniques to oversee money related exercises in his organizations: A. Discover that our organization is investigating and exploiting each possible wellspring of money to cause our business to develop. B. Decide how our organization can use budgetary data as a positive instrument for following and observing execution on key exercises. C. Figure out what should be possible to improve precision and practicality of bookkeeping so data on execution is accessible at the earliest opportunity after the day, week, the month, or the activity is finished. D. Figure out what sort of pointers we can create as positive propelling devices to support directors and workers assess their own presentation. E. Figure out what are the keys regions wherein the organization can set aside cash by improving execution. 2.5. Staff systems This part covers the energies, capacities, aptitudes, and perspectives of representatives that can be bridled for development. Individuals and organizations become together. Miraj Group of organizations gives greatest chances to their kin to develop, discover most extreme open doors for their own development (meet with paliwal, 2010). His Group follows the accompanying individual systems: A. Select individuals with an elevated level of vitality, great wellbeing, most noteworthy poss

English Essays (752 words) - Fiction, Film, Speculative Fiction

English 0ctober 22, 2017 A decent Leader A pioneer, by definition, is an individual who drives a gathering of individuals, association or nation. In the book Ender's Game by Oscar Scott Card, it clarifies an account of a six-year old kid, Ender Wiggins, who is required to lead a gathering of children so as to spare the world from an outsider race called the Buggers. Ender needs to persevere through a great deal of hard things with the goal that it is conceivable to spare the world. While experiencing his excursion, Ender turns into a decent pioneer. A few things that make him a decent pioneer is that he is a diligent employee, he is imaginative and thinks about others. At six years old, Ender is fit for understanding and working through complex things since he is a diligent employee. He thinks more distant into the future, plans things out and finishes. Ender says, I need to win this now and forever, or I will battle it consistently and it will deteriorate and more awful (Card 7). This is significant in light of the fact that it shows that he works through things productively. Ender likewise does his best when he does anything. The grown-ups see that Ender doesn't simply do the absolute minimum. Graff, Ender's guide, says Ender Wiggins isn't a stellar he just successes altogether (Card 226). His initiative aptitudes are obvious in his hard working attitude. Ender is inventive and brilliant and he urges others to be imaginative also. Ender likes remarkable thoughts. He tells Bean, one of his officers, I need you to be smart Bean, I need you to consider answers for issues we haven't seen at this point. I need you to attempt things nobody else has ever attempted in light of the fact that they are totally idiotic (Card 198). Ender is shrewd. He knows or makes sense of how to do pretty much everything. In the book, the writer states he should simply watch the game and see how things functioned, and afterward he could utilize the framework and even exceed expectations (Card 118). This discloses to us that regardless, Ender will make sense of an approach to succeed. On account of Ender's imagination individuals tail him and his new thoughts. Thinking about the individuals you are driving makes more enthusiasm for your objectives since you are vested in the result of the circumstance. Ender really thinks about his companions, particularly his companion Bean. He says I'll be watching you more empathetically than you will know, and when all is good and well you will find that I am your companion and you are the fighter that you need to be (Card 168). Ender's ability to think about individuals stretches out even to his foes. He discloses to his sister At the time when I genuinely comprehend my foe, comprehend him all around ok to vanquish him, at that point in that exact instant I additionally love him (Card 238). Ender thinks about individuals such that a great deal of different pioneers don't. He is compelled to do hard things however never loses his mankind. A few people would contend that Endure isn't equipped for being a decent pioneer since he is just six years of age. This may appear as though an admirable statement however they live in a general public that is reliant on prepping youngsters for the fight to come. Ender is a third, which means the third youngster who has a consolidated character of his two more established kin giving him qualities that sling him to administration. Ender's companion from fight school clarifies the peculiarity of their circumstance I have an entirely smart thought of what youngsters are and we are not kids. Kids can lose some of the time and no one wants to think about it. Youngsters aren't in armed forces, they aren't commandants, they don't control more than forty different children, it's beyond what anyone can take and not get insane (Card 108) . The requests put on them are extraordinary to the point that they're youth is non-existent, they are constrained into develop circumstances that have decis ive results, requiring development undeniably more than is commonplace for their age. Ender persevered through a great deal to turn into a decent pioneer. All through the book he shows his mind boggling hard working attitude, imagination and sympathy. He takes these attributes to the following level, First when goes

Sales Planning and Operations Report - 275 Words

Sales Planning and Operations Report (Book Report Sample) Content: Sales Planning Operations ReportSubmitted To:Submitted By:Table of ContentsIntroduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3Task 1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1 How Personal Selling Supports Promotional Mix------------------------------------3 1 Marketing Strategy with 4Ps 7Ps stating Main Goals of the Marketing--------4 2 Promotional Mix and its Main Objectives---------------------------------------------4 3 Objectives of Personal Selling-----------------------------------------------------------5 4 The Role of Personal Selling to Support the Achievement of Aims---------------5 2 Buyer Behaviour and the Decision Making Process in different Situations------5 3 The Role of Sales Teams within the Marketing Strategy----------------------------8Task 3------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 1 H ow Sales Strategies are Developed in line with Corporate Objectives ----------9 2 The Importance of Recruitment Selection Procedures---------------------------10 3 The Role of Motivation, Remuneration and Training in Sales Management----12 4 The Organization of Sales Activity Control Sales Output by the Mgt.--------13 5 The Use of Database in Effective Sales Management-------------------------------14Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17Sales Planning Operations ReportIntroductionThe report on sales planning and operations identifies how personal selling is supportive to the promotional mix in sales and marketing activities. It identified marketing strategy covering 4 Ps 7 Ps to set main organizational goals of their marketing strategy. The report evaluates how promotional mix can be contributing to achieve organiza tional goals by identifying the main objectives of the personal selling. The report also evaluated the role of personal selling to support and facilitates the achievements of organizational goals and their objectives of promotional mix. It also determined buyer behaviours and their decision making process in different situations and how sales professionals can perform their specific roles within the teamwork according to their set marketing strategy. The report also evaluates how sales strategies are developed in line with corporate objectives. It evaluates the importance of recruitment and selection procedures and determines how recruiting the right candidates for the right job help organizations to achieve their sales targets. It also examines the role of motivation, remuneration and the training in the sales management process. Finally, the report evaluates the organizational sales activity control sales output along with the use, maintenance and update of effective database sys tem in the sales management.Task 1 1 How Personal Selling Supports Promotional MixPersonal selling is highly supportive and assists the reinforcement of the message, enables customers to get face to face application of the brand through employees and sales representatives, enable sales representatives to close deals and sales and offers human touch and appeal to customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ emotions in a better way. The following points are mentioned in analyzing personal selling supports to the promotional mix (Caron 2014). 1 Marketing Strategy with 4Ps 7Ps stating Main Goals of the Marketing StrategyIn sales planning operations, sales and marketing professionals can develop marketing mix strategy with necessary tools and techniques. They are traditionally limited to core 4 Ps of product, pricing, placing and promotions of the product. By excellently producing a product according to the requirements of their customers, setting up their competitive prices, best placing and promotions help s sales professionals to achieve their objectives. Furthermore, 7 Ps model can be used to set objectives in the marketing strategy by conducting a SWOT analysis and competitive analysis. It is known as a practical framework to evaluate existing business position with appropriate approaches to determine the product or service, prices, placing or access, promotions, physical evidence, people and partners (Hanlon 2013). 2 Promotional Mix and its Main ObjectivesThe promotional mix is based on different set of tools and methods to enhance communication and to present the products and services to targeted customers. Effective promotional mix is highly essential to achieve organizational objectives and to meet the requirements of target customers in order to attract them to buy the product by creating customer loyalty. Promotion is a part of four main components of the marketing mix, often known as 4 Ps. The main role of the promotional mix is to create synergy three important elements in the marketing strategy, including product, pricing, and placing used to optimize customers potentially. The main methods of promotional mix are advertising, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing and sales promotions depending on marketing strategy and budgets available (Riley 2012). 3 Objectives of Personal SellingMain objectives of personal selling are to build product awareness among potential customers by educating customers about the new product offerings. The sellers should create interest of the buyers in person-to-person communication. They should provide all the necessary information to the customers about the products and services offered to them. Sales persons can work to stimulate the demand and reinforce the brand in personal selling with an intentional to build a long-term working relationship with their customers (Kokemuller 2015). 4 The Role of Personal Selling to Support Facilitate the Achievement of AimsThe role of personal selling to support facili tate customers by introducing them newly produced products and services. Selling personal play an important role to reach out to their customers and to educate them about them why they should buy their product. In this way, they work effectively to support facilitate the company in the achievement of their company objectives of promotional mix and achievement of results in marketing strategies (Riley 2012). 2 Buyer Behaviour and the Decision Making Process in different SituationsBuyer behaviour and their decision making process in different situations is based on following points as presented in the list below, including: 5 Buyer Decision Making ProcessThe buyer decision making process is based on five stages, including problem recognition, search of the process, evaluating alternatives, selecting stage and evaluating the decision. In problem or need recognition, it is associated with internal stimuli like hunger or thrust or external stimuli in need recognition like advertising or word of mouth in customer. Information search stage determines how customer looks for best solution of the problem in buying a product or service. In this effort, buyer searches for internal and external business environment, identity and evaluate the sources of information related to his central buying decision. When information search is completed, buyer search and evaluate the available alternatives and select the one best match to his needs. In purchase decision, buyer makes the buying decision and in post-purchase behaviour, buyer compare the product with previous expectations either he will be satisfied or unsatisfied (Johnston 2013). 6 Customer Response in Purchasing Low Value Product compared to High Value ProductCustomers often make purchase decisions considering values they perceive from different products and services related to their price. Therefore, companies perceiving low value of their offered products to customer try to attract new customers or retain their existi ng customers. Companies have to attract their existing customers to reduce the possibility of their shift to companies offering a better or higher value of the product. In highly competitive market, a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s competitive position is determined by the product or service it offers to their customers. If it offers high value products, customers will never go away but in case of low value products customers will be difficult to retain (Swinney 2008). 7 Difference between Consumer and Organizational Buyer BehaviourThere are number of differences between consumer and organizational buyer behaviour as the organizations buy products to meet their organizational goals. The goals of organization are always profit maximization, reduction in costs and meeting employee needs. Organizations are more rational in making their buying decisions while consumer buy products for their own satisfaction and their buying behaviour are more spontaneous. People are often involved in organizationa l buying decisions. It makes wide range of influences in making their decision making process at various levels of the organization. Consumer buying behaviour, on the other hand, is also based on many roles exercised by different individual in buying a product or service considering its market value (Cousins, Foskett and Pennington 2011). 8 Major Influences on Business BuyersMajor factors that influence business buyer behaviours include their psychological behaviours, social and physical behaviours of customers who are likely to become aware about purchasing, consuming and telling others about the product or service. Business buyer behaviours are also associated with their cultural behaviours, including culture, subculture and their social class. They are also related to social behaviours,...

Assess the Impact of the Industrial Revolution in England...

The industrial revolution according to Neil Tonge in his historical account ‘challenging history- industrialization and society 1700 – 1914,’ can be classified as a change in industrial technology, organization of labourers, transport, and finance and business operation. In ‘A history of the western society, fourth edition,’ referred to it as the total change from agrarian society to a mechanized or complex society. The impact of the revolution on England and the entire Atlantic world was immense. This essay seeks to discuss various effects of the revolution on all aspects of development in the countries involved. Trade was influential to the industrial process. Neil Tonge described it as the wealth of the world. It makes the difference†¦show more content†¦This resulted in demographic changes in the host country and the base country. Population increased in the host and decreased in the base. The creation of industry also saw the small business going out of existence. The large factories produced goods at a cheaper unitary cost and proved to be a thorn in the flesh of small businesses. The law of the jungle was now in full effect, only the huge industrial powers were reaping the profits of the industrial period. The industrial revolution saw the specialization of labourers. Persons were now concentrating on one area of work. This made labour monotonous. The result was mass production. Mass production saw large amounts of goods being produced, making goods cheaper, readily available and in large quantities, resulting in huge profits for industrialists and cheaper commodities for consumers. Workers all over were highly underpaid but they were in most cases receiving more liquid cash than they ever received. The industrial revolution had far reaching consequences on the industries involved. The craft industry in Africa was seriously injured by the intervention of the Europeans. 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In the 1600s and 1700s the British then checked Dutch commercial and colonial ambitions and went on to defeat France in the Seven Years War (1756–1763)Read MoreAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 PagesMusic may be defined romantically as `the food of love (Shakespeare) or more prosaically as `sound with particular characteristics (Wikipedia), but it is undeniably a `vibrant artform (Arts Council England) and one which touches more people, in more ways, than any other art form. In commercial terms, music certainly generates a higher market value than the other arts, although a comprehensive market size for music in all its manifestations is impossible to calculate. Key Note has put a valueRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesTHE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov NASA SP-482 THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov Prepared by Langley Research Center Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1985 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. 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A Research Study On Sex Education - 808 Words

Greslà ©-Favier, and independent researcher writing in the peer reviewed journal Sex Education, investigates childism, or systematic discrimination against children, which stems from conservative beliefs that parents have high authority and children belong in the private sphere. Within the context of sex education, childism is a primary factor in programs that place the values of parents and society over the needs and rights of the child. While including discussions about the importance of personal and family values in sex education is reasonable, it is unreasonable to completely diminish the concerns of the individual. A prime example of the value based approach, violation of rights, and bias, presented by abstinence education is the†¦show more content†¦By addressing homosexuality only within the context of â€Å"promiscuity and disease,† most abstinence programs create an unwelcoming environment for homosexual students (â€Å"ACLU Memo† 30). The best way t o promote teenage sexual health is to create a supportive environment with a wealth of accurate, holistic information. If students do not receive accurate information about sexual health from reliable institutions such as schools, they will find such information, albeit inaccurate, elsewhere. Adolescents often rely upon peers and mass media for sexual information (Igras et al. 558), which poses problems because peers are equally uninformed and the media presents distorted or inaccurate portrayals of sexual activity. Like abstinence programs, television, movies, and the Internet perpetuate gender stereotypes, but by demonstrating how the genders are supposed to act in sexual situations rather than teaching about it (Kittleson and Howard-Barr 73). Additionally, the media includes abundant sexual references without the necessary health information to back them up. The average teenager encounters over 14,000 sexual references each year, but only 1 in 85 discuss serious matters such as â€Å"abstinence, contraception, or marriage† (Kittleson and Howard-Barr 73). Abstinence only education programs and the media may be on opposite ends of the spectrum as far as attitudes toward sex, but are both equally uninformative because they

SelfDescription Essay Research Paper I come from free essay sample

Self-Description Essay, Research Paper I come from a really traditional Vietnamese household, where civilization is greatly stressed in the family. Turning up, I was taught to follow this civilization, I followed it because it was the first thing I learned. Respect, morality, and keeping a good repute for the household are some of the most of import patterns of my civilization. Vietnamese civilization surrounds me mundane. Duties at place from mundane jobs to household duties. I m one of the caretakers for my grandma who is unable to be autonomous. She was my caretaker when I was immature and my female parent had to work, and now it s my bend to make the same. Taking attention of the aged is first precedence in my household. And so everything else must fall behind this duty. In following my traditional values, I put everything aside to guarantee that my grandma s demands are met. We will write a custom essay sample on SelfDescription Essay Research Paper I come from or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My friends must come after my household. Morality is besides stressed in my household. I am to judge whether something is right or incorrect in concurrence with what is good for the household. For illustration, I am to ever side with my household foremost no affair what circumstance are involved. They can neer be incorrect, and if they are, it is non spoken of. Keeping a good repute for the household is one of the most important facets. How others see the household means a great trade. There must neer be a tarnish on the household name. And from that, high classs from kids and good occupations with worthy compensation by grownups are extremely looked upon. This is one of the more hard patterns to carry through. A great trade of my clip is devoted to analyzing and accomplishing good classs, which is an expected demand. However, I am still endeavoring to carry through this want. My civilization has been the basic block from which my ain individuality has grown. And from which I can neer divide. However, I am non an mechanization who merely follows the concepts of my civilization and household. I have two sides to my personal individuality, the traditional and the modern. I could non depict myself separate from either side ; it would be an impossible undertaking. The modern side of me is derived from holding lived all my life in the metropolis. I love noise, edifices, hip-hop and the streets filled with people. At times, my male parent would go fed up with me, stating, you re a banana ; yellow on the outside, but white interior. I am lacerate between two civilizations. But that is when my ain personal individuality helps me to make up ones mind what is right for me, utilizing both my experiences from my household and outside influences to find the best result

London Eye Essay Example

London Eye Essay The Merlin Entertainments London Eye, commonly known as London Eye or Millennium Wheel or British Airways London Eye. The Merlin Entertainments London Eye is commonly known as London Eye or Millennium Wheel or British Airways London Eye. It is a giant tall Ferris wheel, which has the height of 135 metre ( 443 feet) and located at the western end of Jubilee Gardens, on the south bank of the Thames River in the London Borough of Lambeth in England, which is between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge, London, England. It was also located near to the former Dome of Discovery, which was built for the Festival of Britain in 1951. London Eye was the tallest observation wheel in Europe, and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom, which approximately visited by over 3. 5 million people annually. Besides, it is also one of an extraordinary symbol in extraordinary city and was as a part of London’s millennium celebrations. The Merlin Entertainments London Eye opens daily except on 25th December (Christmas Day) and during its annual maintenance period, which set from 10th until 19th January 2010. London Eye was constructed on the late of 1998. The construction was a huge international effort that involves hundreds of people during that time, since it took seven years and the skills of hundreds of people from five countries to make it into a reality. The architectural team who consists of David Marks and Julia Barfield (who was a husband and wife), Malcolm Cook, Mark Sparrowhawk, Steven Chilton, Frank Anatole and Nic Bailey has designed the structure. The construction of the observation wheel took more than one year and half to complete. We will write a custom essay sample on London Eye specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on London Eye specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on London Eye specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer London Eye was made of 1700 tones of steel as the structure and more than 3000 tones of concrete were used for the foundations. The wheel carries 32 sealed and air-conditioner egg-shaped of passenger capsules, attached to its external circumference, each capsule representing as one of the London Boroughs and has the weight of 10 tonnes. Each of the futuristic looking capsules can accommodate up to 25 passengers, who are free to walk around inside the capsule, although the seating is provided. Each of the egg-shaped capsules has 8 metres long and weight 500 kg. The 25 metre ( 82 feet) of long spindle was built in the Czech Republic. There are 80 spokes that connects the rim with the spindle, and each of the rim has a diameter of 122 m ( 400 feet), which is approximately 200 times the size of a bicycle wheel. The observation wheel itself rotates at 26 cm ( 10 inch) per second ( 0. 9km/h or 0. 6 mph), which the revolution takes about 30 minutes. However, the wheel does not stop to take on passengers, since the rotation rate is slow enough to allow the passengers to walk on and off the moving capsules at the ground level. It is stopped due to allow the disabled or elderly passengers time to go on board and get off safely. A complete turn of the observation wheel takes about 30 minutes. Since the construction of the glass capsules on the outer side of the rim, the passengers have a great 360? view over the London. There are many famous landmarks are clearly visible from there, which are include the Buckingham Palace, St. Paul’s Cathedral even the House of Parliament. During a clear day, the passengers can see approximately as far as 40 km ( 25 miles) in all directions. One of the London Eye capsules, in which inside is full of passengers. The British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, formally opened London Eye on 31st December 1999. However, the London Eye still not opened for the public yet due to the technical problems, until 9th March 2000. Since the opening, The Merlin Entertainments London Eye has become an iconic landmark and also the symbol of the modern Britain. There are over 3. 5 million tourists who are visiting the attraction each year, which has proved it as the most popular paid tourist destination in London and throughout the world. In August 2009, the London Eye has launched a spectacular new 4D film experience. It was added as a free extra in order to pleasure the passengers in enjoying their ride on the London Eye. The 4D itself used a superb effects and the short film has only 3D aerial footage of the London. Besides, there are also gift shops, which located next to the London Eye Wheel, opposite of the ticket office entrance. It offers many kinds of high quality of London Eye gifts and souvenirs (such as: photography, guidebooks and in-flight mini guides) in order for the visitor feel special for London Eye. Other than gift shops, there are cafes (which offers tea, coffee, drinks, sandwiches, cakes and snacks located inside the county Hall and opposite the gift shop, with great views of the London Eye), toilets as well as the wheelchair loan service to make the visitor more comfortable in enjoying the London Eye. The Merlin Entertainments London Eye has also won over 75 awards for national and international tourism due to its outstanding of architectural quality and engineering achievement since the public opening. There are TripAdvisor. com – Best Attraction in Europe (2007), British Travel Awards – Silver Award: Best Visitor Attraction Coolbrands – third coolest attraction (2008), Group Travel Awards – Best Attraction for Group Visits: Short Visit (2009), and so on. London Development Agency Green500: Platinum Award was the latest achievement that London Eye received on 2010. Since the opening, The Merlin Entertainments London Eye has become an iconic landmark and also the symbol of the modern Britain. There are over 3. million tourists who are visiting the attraction each year, which has proved it as the most popular paid tourist destination in London and throughout the world. The futuristic of architecture design and engineering made the visitors enjoying the sensation in the London Eye capsules, which the visitors can see as far as 40 km ( 25 miles) in all directions. This observing wheel was used as a symbol for the end of the 20th century due to the time that turns into the new millennium until now.

Agar Diffusion Investigation Essays

Agar Diffusion Investigation Essays Agar Diffusion Investigation Essay Agar Diffusion Investigation Essay Having considered the phenomena of diffusion and osmosis I have been told to do a piece of coursework to investigate the rate of diffusion when using different concentrations of acid. I have been told to use Agar. Agar is extracted from sea weed and after dissolving in hot water it cools to form a solid jelly although 99% of this is water. The agar is an inert medium that I am going to use to investigate the rate of diffusion. The agar I will be given has been made alkaline by adding a small amount of NaOH and has the indicator (phenolphthalein) incorporated which is pink in alkaline conditions. As the H+ ions from the acid diffuse in the indicator within the agar will become colourless. The acid I will be given will be 1M Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). I will be given one Petri dish of pre-prepared pink agar poured to an approximate depth of 1cm. Safety It is important to remember safety whenever working in a laboratory particularly when handling corrosive solutions such as acids and bases. To this extent it is essential to always where safety goggles when doing any experiment. In order to ensure the safety of myself, and my friends I am going to take the following safety precautions during my experiment: * Ensure safety goggles are worn at all times during the experiment. * Always ensure any beakers containing HCl are kept in away from the edge of the table. * Always wash hands after handling corrosive materials. * Ensure a good supply of paper towels is available in the event of a spillage and be sure to wipe up any spillages immediately before they escalate. Preliminary Variables I am going to investigate what variables I am going to change during my preliminary investigation. During my preliminary investigation I am going to investigate how both concentration and volume of HCl effect the time taken to turn the phenolphthalein colourless. I am also going to investigate what amount of Agar jelly solution should be used. I am going to use a cork borer and a straw to cut pieces of the agar jelly solution and compare results between the two. Preliminary Investigation Method To being with obtain one test tube rack and one stopwatch. Now take six test tubes and use the cork borer and a scalpel (if necessary) to lift three pieces of agar jelly solution. Drop the three cork borer size agar solution pieces into the first three test tubes. Take a straw and use it to cut a further three pieces of agar jelly solution using the same method as before. Drop the three straw size agar solution pieces into the final three test tubes. Now add 5ml 1M, 0.5M and 0.2M HCl to the test tubes one by one and start the stopwatch; adding the different concentrations of HCl to one of the different sized agar solutions each: Wait until the agar has turned completely colourless in the first test tube then record the time taken and repeat the process for the next test tube. Once all of the test tubes have been timed, dispose of the HCl and agar jelly in the appropriate way and clean out all 6 test tubes thoroughly. Now return the six test tubes to the test tube rack and repeat the experiment only this time varying volume of HCl used instead. Once all six test tubes have their appropriate agar jelly solution added, add 15ml, 10ml and 5ml of 0.5M HCl to the test tubes one by one and start the stop watch, adding the different volumes of HCl to one of the different sized agar solutions each: As before wait until the agar has turned completely colourless in the first test tube then record the time taken and repeat the process for the next test tube.

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations management - Essay Example Some brands offer luxury other offers sturdiness. The presence of company in different countries also creates many problems. The operations of Toyota are susceptible to political and economic fluctuations. Because of the dispersed manufacturing the company faces different problems in different countries. The problem of competitors and safety issues rise regularly. The recent safety issues with Toyota cars caused significant financial issues to the company. There are issues regarding location of retail showrooms and supply chain management issues. The company follows Just in Time inventory system (JIT) in which management of supplies is extremely important. Also with different safety rules, manufacturing regulations, tax legislations and environment concerns in different countries Toyota faces many operational challenges and this paper will discuss these challenges with great detail. The strategies to address these issues will also be discussed in the paper. These possible solutions m ight help Toyota Motor Company solve its operational problems. Key Operational Challenges faced by Toyota The automobile industry all over the world is facing problems due to economic recession and environmental concerns. Toyota faces multifaceted problems due to its presence all over the world. Design issues, pricing and product development issues are the main operational challenges Toyota is facing today. ... 2005). Usually there are teams that work on new products as a whole but in Toyota teams work on subsystems like hardware, software and suppliers. Then all these subsystems are combined to form a new product. In this way the development process is speeded. The problem in this system arises with regards to the suppliers. Product development cannot be completed if suppliers are not equipped to supply different parts that are needed to develop the new product. For this reason supplier development is also necessary. This is an operational challenge for Toyota as it is very difficult for development teams and suppliers to be on the same page. Suppliers are to be trained and they should be equipped with proper technology in order to ensure that they are able to meet the demands of the newly developed product. This is a serious challenge for Toyota. Because of supplier issues inventories of Toyota are increasing and storage cost is also hiking even though Toyota is famous for its Just in Tim e inventory system (JIT). Toyota will have to rely on suppliers because it is not feasible to develop everything on their own but supply chain management issues are also a major challenge even for a big company like Toyota. Complexity Problems in Toyota The complex products of Toyota are a problem. The manufacturing units are dispersed all over the world and because of this sophisticated technology have to be made available everywhere. Alongside making complex products for its diverse clientele Toyota also has to manage its worldwide sale. The complexity problem becomes an operational issue when a car is developed and the technology used in the car is not available in some of the manufacturing countries. Now in order to make similar cars in those countries the technology is required

Psychoactive Substance use and Mental Health (Hong Kong) Essay

Psychoactive Substance use and Mental Health (Hong Kong) - Essay Example The semisynthetic derivatives in this group include hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, dihydrocodeine, oxycodone, and buprenorphine. The remaining two groups are synthetic chemicals such as the phenylpiperidines which include the meperidineas well as the fentanyl, and the pseudopiperidines which include methadone and propoxyphene (Havens et al 2007, 101). Heroine and morphine were used first as medicine in the 19th century and later used illicitly for recreational purposes. Previously, the dependence of heroin and other opioid drugs has proved difficult to counter successfully whereby the poor result has been accredited to environmental characteristics, patient characteristics as well as other powerful reinforcing effects of the same drugs. The most common problems of opioid abuse are known to be nausea and constipation. These two side effects have been found to be difficult to deal with especially for constipation. The concept of agoinist-replecement therapy was introduced approximately forty years ago representing a breakthrough in opiod drugs management especially heroin. Developments in training have encompassed newer pharmacotherapies, Narcotics Anonymous and the psychosocial therapy (Davids & Gastpar 2004, 210). These drugs tend to produce analgesia, mood changes, drowsiness as well as mental clouding but not all of these lead to loss of consciousness. Patients who report of pain claim that it is less intense and less discomforting which fades eventually after healing dosage of these drugs. Relief in pain is believed to be selective without affecting the other modalities of sense. Some patients are believed to experience euphoria. Vomiting, nausea, drowsiness, mental difficulties, apathy as well as the occurrence of decreased physical activities when given to pain free individual is common. The toxic effects and the subjective analgesic, which includes respiratory depression, may become more pronounced as the dose is

United States History Essay Example for Free

United States History Essay The political, economic and social background of English colonialism during the period of 1603-1763 in North America envisions the great thought of European period of exploration because of its ever-forgotten influence in the New World. In early sixteenth century, many colonies were established in North America and among them the Southern and Central areas of English settlement were discovered to benefit more profit from their landlords of English kingdom. As the colonies maintained the international plan of trade extraction, they have close allegiance with indigenous population. The importance of changing economic and political relationships between the Indians and Englishmen seemed to be an essential issue in the history of North America. It created a sensation to develop the growth of awareness in both Whites and Indians because of their business contacts. To protect themselves and to maintain the business of commercial extractions and to maintain the freedom of religious beliefs, the colonies were established a democratic government during their ruling time period in England. Because of close contact with indigenous population of North America, colonists were faced with varied set of societies who were fundamentally different from the societies in Europe. Most of the colonists treated the native people as ferocious and envisioned them as an icon to structure the society. In a work, The Rediscovery of North America (1990), Lopez says, †¦ the physical destruction of a local landscape to increase the wealth of people who dont live there, or to supply materials to buyers in distant places who will never know the destruction that process leaves behind . The main feature that resulted by English colonization was massive immigration, which brought out the concept of multiculturalism. Broadly speaking, colonialism forms the economic and political strategies of domination with the principles self-government over the population. The other essential feature of English colonization in North America in the period of 1607-1763 was the European global expansionism, which was treated in late fifteenth century with an emphasis on English expansionism in North America. Basically, the European immigration to the America had been studied in histories, diaries and classics. The main purpose of European immigration to America may be to get freedom from religious discrimination and to develop economic strategy. The negative aspect, by the European settlers when entered the America during fifteenth century was lose of population by dreadful diseases like small pox, measles. Because of this reason, European settlement drastically reduced the North America population. As the colonists brought a wide range of deadly diseases from European cities and spread in North America, most of the people of North America were suffered, as they had no immunity to protect from dreadful diseases. Because of the European settlement, the North America faced many critical situations by colonization. Thus the struggle between European imperial powers and the social, economic, and political issues of late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in North America were remained as the memorable milestone in American history. On the other side, the invasion of European global expansionism brought out the Western civilization in the New World, by the introduction of four major common languages. 1) English 2) Spanish 3) Portuguese 4) French. The colonies introduced many European concepts to the Americas such as European written form of communication, their form of government, and European technological knowledge of science, medicine and art to develop the world to a great extent. Hence the English colonization in North America was placed a dynamic position into the global political economy in the period 1603-1763 and became as a source of narrative to many authors to portray the ever last moment of American history. References: Lopez, Barry. The Rediscovery of North America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990. Marx, Leo. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral ideal in America . New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. McCall, Barbara. The European Invasion. (Native American Culture. Jordan E. Kerber, series editor. ) Rourke Publications, Inc. , 1994. Roger L. Nichols. The American Indian: Past and Present, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 1992. Wood, Marion. DOttavi, Francesca, illus. Myths and Civilization of the Native Americans. Peter Bedrick Books, 1998.

Tragic Comedy of Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire Essay exa

A Streetcar Named Desire as Tragic Comedy      Ã‚   Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire is considered by many critics to be a â€Å"flawed† masterpiece. This is because William’s work utilizes and wonderfully blends both tragic and comic elements that serve to shroud the true nature of the hero and heroine, thereby not allowing the reader to judge them on solid actuality. Hence, Williams has been compared to writers such as Shakespeare who, in literature, have created a sense of ambiguity and uncertainty in finding a sole â€Å"view or aspect † in their works. Because of the highly tragic elements encountered in Streetcar, many immediately label it a tragedy. Nevertheless, the immense comical circumstances encountered in the play contradict the sole role of tragedy and leave the reader pondering the true nature of the work, the question being whether it is a tragedy with accidental comic incidences or a comedy with weak melodramatic occurrences. It has been said that the â€Å"double mask of tragicomedy reveals the polarity of the human condition†(Adler 47). The contrariety of forces in the work serves to enforce a sense of both reality and drama that are present in everyday human life. The comic elements in the play serve as a form of determined self-preservation just as the tragic elements add to the notion of self-destruction. This is the true nature of a tragicomedy. By juxtaposing two irreconcilable positions, ambiguity is produced in the judgment of the main characters, most notably Stanley Kowalski and Blanche Dubois (Riddell 83). Ambivalence in the play is largely caused by the relationship between Stanley and Blanche. They concurrently produce both appalling and appealing tendencies. Both characters display elements o... ...ilable forces come face to face. The two opposing forces are destined to become locked in a death grip and society will be the loser.    Works Cited Adler, Thomas P.   A Streetcar Named Desire: The Moth and the Lantern.   New York: Twayne, 1990. Baym, Nina et al, eds.   The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   New York: WW Norton & Co., 1995. Falk, Signi.   Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Streetcar Named Desire.   Ed. Jordan Miller.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1971. Riddell, Joseph.   Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Streetcar Named Desire.   Ed. Jordan Miller.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1971. Szeliski, John T. von.   Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Streetcar Named Desire.   Ed. Jordan Miller.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1971. Williams, Tennessee.   The Theatre of Tennessee Williams.   New York: New Directions, 1971.   

The anesthesia technician & technologist’s manual: All you need to know for study and reference Essay

Improvements of Anesthesia Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From nineteenth century, there have been important and continuous improvements in the field of medicine in United States, particularly in discovery of microorganisms as the root cause of disease and anesthesia. The improvements have been of great importance in facilitating effective, convenient, and safest methods of treatment. The paper below discusses anesthesia improvements, and importance of its improvement in treatment. Improvements of anesthesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The direct use of volatile anesthetics and intense cold were the most important steps in anesthesia in nineteenth century. The steps were used in surgical sites during treatment of traumatic injuries. This was possible by bringing down local temperature of body tissues by the application of salt and ice during the surgeon. However, to estimate the cold projection was extremely complex when using salt and ice. This gave rise to new techniques such as topical application of Dutch oil and vaporization of ether and ethylene chloride by fumigation and spraying. Since then, there was continuous discovery of more anesthetic liquids such as amyl hydrate and vaginal Dutch. Having improved the anesthetic liquids, there was a major challenge in obstruction of sprays used. As a result, there came need to improve the jet, which was possible by designing different systems of nozzles. Almost to the end of the century, some medical practitioners recommend ed the improvements best for surgeon but many individual called for alternative approach, especially in minor surgery (Walter, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All the way from 19th century to transition into the twentieth century, there have been many improvements of anesthesia care (Woodworth, 2012). For instance, the common practice discussed above changed by introduction of cocaine around 1884.Later in 1934, the sodium Pentothal was introduced for intravenous anesthetic administration. Despite its many challenges associated with its negative side effects when administered to some patients, it remained the most effective until 1977 when Dr.Brian Kay introduced muscle relaxants and rubber endotracheal tubes. In 1980s, pulse oximetry and end tidal CO2 were introduced that facilitated EKG monitoring. Use of the improvement in medical practice today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of above discussed improvements are still used across the United States. For instance, the improvement of EKG monitoring makes it possible to manage neuromuscular blockade .In addition, the use of muscle relaxants and rubber endotracheal tubes makes it easy for anesthesiologists to monitor the condition of the patient .The monitoring of the patients’ condition primarily involves checking of blood pressure as well as pulse rate. Being able to process EEG measurement, end tidal CO2 and pulse oximetry have made it possible to quantify the depth of anesthesia. The monitoring incorporated with some of discussed advances has led into the best anesthetic practice by improving patient’s safety.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indisputably, there is significant from the use of advances though some of the anesthetic practices used today for surgery have changed tremendously. Unfortunately, while bringing the changes in transformation of anesthesia surgery, the dramatic change in body knowledge and skills developed from the improvements has resulted to inseparable and complex medical disciplines. Future developments in anesthesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the above important improvements discussed such as introduction of pulse oximeter in aesthesia practices in United States today, there are many cases of mortality and morbidity in anesthesia. It is therefore obvious that the discoveries are not the â€Å"end of the road† but the push to new heights .However, with improved, optimal, and creative anesthetic management evident in United States ,there is hope of continued improvement to develop most safer and effective anesthesia practices while cutting down the pressure from medical economics. This will only be possible if anesthesiologists rise to the challenge. References Walter. (2014). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482821/puerperal-fever Woodworth, G., & Kirsch, J. (2012).  The anesthesia technician & technologist’s manual: All you need to know for study and reference. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Source document

Simulated moving bed technology from concept to operation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8169 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction 1.1. Continuous counter current chromatography Continuous industrial-scale adsorption processes are well known for their efficiency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Simulated moving bed technology: from concept to operation" essay for you Create order Very often, the Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate (HETP) in a batch operation is roughly three times higher than one find for the continuous mode (Gembicki et al., 2002). The operation of continuous chromatographic counter current apparatus (here-by referred as True Moving Bed, TMB) in particular, maximizes the mass transfer driving force providing a better utilization of the adsorbent, and thus, allowing the use of lower selectivity materials (Ruthven and Ching, 1989) as to operate with an increased productivity (i.e., higher processed throughput using less packing material). A scheme of a TMB unit is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 A four section True Moving Bed (TMB) unit for the separation of A and B with D as eluent or desorbent (Fructose/Glucose separation). If we define section as the part of the TMB unit where the fluid flow rate is approximately constant (section limited by inlet/outlet streams), then, it is possible to find four different sections with different roles: Section I: Regeneration of the adsorbent (desorption of A from the solid); Section II: Desorption of B (so that, the extract is not contaminated by the less retained component); Section III: Adsorption of A (raffinate clean from the more adsorbed species); Section IV: Regeneration of the eluent/desorbent (adsorption of B from the fluid phase). From Figure 1, one can observed that the counter-current movement of the solid, with respect to the fluid phase, allows continuous regeneration of both the adsorbent in section I as the eluent/desorbent in section IV. Also, the moving bed arrangement allows the achievement of high purity even if the resolution of the two peaks is not excellent, since only the purity at the two tails of the concentration profiles, where the withdrawal ports are located, is of interest. This is contrary to batch chromatography where high resolution is vital in order to achieve high purity. Nevertheless, with this counter current mode of operation is necessary to circulate not only the fluid phase but also the solid. The solid motion inside of the column and the consequent recycle presents some technical problems, namely: equipment abrasion, mechanical erosion of adsorbent and difficulties in maintaining plug flow for the solid (especially in beds with large diameter). From a technical point of view, this clearly limits the implementation of such technology. 1.2. The Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) concept In order to avoid this issue, a sequence of fixed bed columns was conceived (Broughton and Gerhold, 1961) in which the solid phase is at rest in relation to a fixed referential, but where a relative movement between both phases is experienced by switching the inlet and outlet fluid streams to and from the columns from time to time (in the direction of the fluid flow). In the simplest operating mode, the period that a certain operating configuration prevails is called the switching time, . Since the solid flow is avoided, although a kind of counter-current movement is created relatively to the fluid, this technology is called Simulated Moving Bed (SMB). Consider that at certain moment in the operation of an SMB, the positions for the inlet of feed and desorbent and outlet of products is represented by Figure 2a. Assume also the simplest operating mode (synchronous advance of all streams) and one column per section. After a period of time equal to the switching time, the injection and withdrawn points all move one column in the direction of the fluid flow (Figure 2b). When the initial location of injection/collection of all the streams is reencountered, we have completed one cycle (in a four equally zoned SMB, it takes to complete one cycle, where is the number of columns in each one of the four sections). As it is possible to see in Figure 2, during one cycle the same column is in different sections, assuming therefore different roles in the separation process. Figure 2 Schematic representation of a 4 columns SMB unit operating over a complete cycle, from 0to (with representing the ports switching time); (a) period of the first switch; (b) period of the second switch and (c) a TMB unit. As mentioned before, the continuous movement of inlet and outlet lines into and from the column is almost impractical, therefore discreet jumps (with the length of one bed, during ) have to be applied. The analogy between SMB and the TMB is then possible by the introduction of the relative velocity concept, where , with the fluid interstitial velocity in each section in the TMB, the interstitial velocity in the SMB unit and the solid interstitial velocity in the TMB. The solid velocity is evaluated from the switching time interval value in the SMB as , being the column length. As consequence, The internal flow rates in both apparatus are not the same, but related by where and represent the internal liquid flow-rates in the SMB and TMB, respectively, is the bulk porosity and the column volume. 1.3. SMB Applications Industrially, SMB applications can be regarded as Old and New, associated with petrochemical and pharmaceutical/fine chemistry fields, respectively (S Gomes et al., 2006d). Among the first applications of SMB technology (back to 1960s) are the ones implemented by the UOP Inc. (Des Plaines, IL-USA) with the Sorbex processes, such as: the Parex unit for separation of p-xylene from mixtures with its C8-isomers (Broughton et al., 1970), separation also performed by the Aromax process from Toray Industries (Tokyo, Japan) (Otani et al., 1973) and the Eluxyl process by Axens/IFP (Institut Franais du Ptrole, France) (Ash et al., 1994); the Ebex for the separation of EthylBenzene (EB) from a mixed of C8-aromatic isomers (Broughton, 1981); the Molex for the separation of n-paraffins from branched and cyclic hydrocarbons; and the Olex process to separate olefins from parafins; the Cresex and Cymex for the separation of p-cresol and p-cymene from its isomers, respectively. The application of SMBs in the sugar industry is also substantial, with the Sarex process, for the separation of fructose from the corn syrup with dextrose and polysaccharides on polystyrene-divinylbenzene resins in calcium form (Broughton, 1983); or as patented by Japan Organo Co. (Japan), (Heikkil et al., 1989); by Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC, also known as the Snake River Sugar Company (Boise, ID-USA), (Kearney and Mumm, 1990, , 1991). In the last decade, particularly in the area of drug development, the advent of SMB has provided a high throughput, high yield, solvent efficient, safe and cost effective process option. Although it had long been established as a viable, practical, and cost-effective liquid-phase adsorptive separation technique, the pharmaceutical and biomolecule separations community did not show considerable interest in SMB technology until the mid-1990s. The application of the SMB concept to the fine chemical separations in the earlier 90s, led to the second boom on the number of applications of SMB technology (Negawa and Shoji, 1992; Nicoud et al., 1993; Kusters et al., 1995; Rodrigues et al., 1995; Cavoy et al., 1997; Francotte and Richert, 1997; Guest, 1997; Pais et al., 1997a; Pais et al., 1997b; Francotte et al., 1998; Grill and Miller, 1998; Lehoucq et al., 1998; Pais et al., 1998; Dapremont et al., 1999; Miller et al., 1999; Nagamatsu et al., 1999; Nicoud, 1999a, 1999b; Pedeferri et al., 19 99; Strube et al., 1999; Juza et al., 2000; Kniep et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2001), among other pioneers. Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd (Japan) first published the resolution of optical isomers through SMB (Negawa and Shoji, 1992). Since then, several are the SMB based processes already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and others regulatory agencies. Examples includes renowned products such as: Biltricide (Praziquantel) Cipralex/Lexapro (Escitalopram), Keppra (Levetiracetam), Modafinil/Provigil, Taxol (Paclitaxel), Xyzal (Levocetirizine), Zoloft (Sertraline), Zyrtec (Cetirizine), Celexa/Citrol/Cipram (Citalopram), Prozac (Fluoxetine hydrochloride), (Abel and Juza, 2007) o paper de real SMB e rajendran, among others biological separation, with a particular emphasis in protein separations meteer referencias a biologias e proteinas. Given the importance of such technique, this work reviews different operating SMB modes; design, modeling and optimization techniques; and addresses an example of the design, construction and operation of an SMB unit. 2. SMB modes of operation So far, only the so-called conventional SMB mode of operation has been considered, which indeed means that each section has a fixed number of columns and there is no variation on the pre-established inlet/outlet flow rates or the switching time value. However, over the last decades some non-conventional SMB operating modes were proposed, developing the range of the applications of SMB technology and extending further its potential. Some of these operating modes, worthy of note, are listened in the following Sections. 2.1. Asynchronous shifting SMB (the Varicol process) The asynchronous shifting SMB or Varicol process (Adam et al., 2000; Bailly et al., 2000; Ludemann-Hombourger et al., 2000; Ludemann-Hombourger et al., 2002) commercialized by Novasep (Pompey, France), became one of the more studied and used processes of the so-called non-conventional SMB modes of operation. Instead of a fixed unit configuration with constant section length, the Varicol operating mode is performed by the implementation of an asynchronous inlet/outlet ports shift, providing a flexible use of each section length, Figure 3. Figure 3 [11.51.51] Asynchronous SMB for a complete cycle; section II has 1 column during the first half of the switching time and 2 columns in the remaining time (within a switching time period), thus 1.5 columns; the opposite happens to section III. By means of Varicol mode of operation it is possible to increase the productivity value up to 30% more than the classical SMB apparatus, principally when operating under a reduced number of columns (Toumi et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2002b; Pais and Rodrigues, 2003; Subramani et al., 2003b, 2003a; Toumi et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2003b; S Gomes et al., 2006d; Mota et al., 2007b; Rodrigues et al., 2007a; S Gomes et al., 2007b; Zhang et al., 2007). 2.2. Partial-Feed, Partial-Discard With the Partial-Feed mode of operation two additional degrees of freedom are introduced: the feed length and the feed time (Zang and Wankat, 2002a; Zang and Wankat, 2002b). Feed during a given feed length period will consequently influence the raffinate and extract flow rates are along the time. Also referred in the literature is the Partial-Discard (or partial withdraw) operating mode, where just a part of the outlet products is used in order to improve the overall purity (Zang and Wankat, 2002b; Bae and Lee, 2006), or with the partial recirculation of the outlet products back to the feed (Kessler and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2008a; Kessler and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2008b; Seidel-Morgenstern et al., 2008). The ISMB (Improved SMB) mode of operating, commercialized by the Nippon Rensui Co. (Tokyo, Japan) and FAST Finnsugar Applexion Separation Technology, now Novasep-France, is also well known (Tanimura et al., 1989). In this process, during a first step the unit is operated as a conventional SMB but without any flow in section IV; in the second step the inlet and outlet ports are closed and the internal flow through the four sections allowing the concentration profiles to move to adjust their relative position with respect to the outlet ports (Rajendran et al., 2009). Meter referencias do mazzotti e nova de sa gomes Another novel non-conventional mode of operation, the Outlet Swing Stream-SMB (OSS) (S Gomes and Rodrigues, 2007), was developed under the framework of this thesis and is latter detailed in Chapter 3. 2.3. PowerFeed and ModiCon The modulation of the section flow rates (PowerFeed) was originally proposed by Kearney and Hieb (1992) and later studied in detail by other authors (Kloppenburg and Gilles, 1999b; Zhang et al., 2003b; Zhang et al., 2004b; Kawajiri and Biegler, 2006b). Another SMB operating concept, based on the feed concentration variation within one switching interval, was suggested by Schramm et al., (2002; 2003b) known as the ModiCon. The use of auxiliary feed tanks, where section flow rate flows into a tank to dissolve solid raw materials and fed into section III, has also been studied (Wei and Zhao, 2008). The cross combination of PowerFeed, Modicon and Varicol modes of operation is also a recurrent research matter, principally of optimization studies (Zhang et al., 2004a; Arau?jo et al., 2006a; Rodrigues et al., 2007b), providing more degrees of freedom and allowing better performance values. 2.4. Two Feed or MultiFeed SMB and Side Stream SMB Recently, the introduction of multi feed streams in the SMB area, by analogy with distillation columns, led to the formulation of the Two Feed SMB, or MultiFeed, operating mode presented by Kim (2005) and later studied by S Gomes and Rodrigues (S Gomes et al., 2007b; S Gomes and Rodrigues, 2007). Also multi extract/raffinate are referred in the literature (Mun, 2006), known as side stream SMB (Beste and Arlt, 2002). These techniques, combined with the distillation know-how for the optimum location of multiple feeds, can allow the development of more efficient SMB processes. 2.5. Semi Continuous, Two and Three zones SMB There are several semi continuous SMB apparatus that operate with two-zone, two or one-column chromatograph, with/or recycle, analogous to a four-zone SMB(Abunasser et al., 2003; Abunasser and Wankat, 2004; Arau?jo et al., 2005a; Arau?jo et al., 2005b; Jin and Wankat, 2005b; Mota and Arau?jo, 2005; Arau?jo et al., 2006b; Arau?jo et al., 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2008b), that allow a reasonable separation, some allowing centre cut for ternary or quaternary separations (Hur and Wankat, 2005b, 2005a, , 2006a, 2006b; Hur et al., 2007), under reduced equipment usage. The discontinuous injection in a system with 2 or more columns, based on the concept of simulated adsorbent movement, as been applied by Novasep under the denomination of Cyclojet, Hipersep, Supersep (Supersep MAX with Super Critical CO2) and Hipersep, (Grill, 1998; Valery and Ludemann-Hombourger, 2007). 2.6. Gradient SMB As a further possibility for increasing the productivity, the introduction of gradients in the different separation sections of the SMB process is also described in literature. The gradient mode was suggested firstly for the SMB-SFC (SMB-supercritical fluid chromatography) process, where the elution strength can be influenced by a pressure gradient (Clavier and Nicoud, 1995; Clavier et al., 1996). Nowadays, there are more gradient-variants that allows the variation solvent elution strength by changing the temperature, the pH-value, the content of salt or the modifier concentration (Jensen et al., 2000; Antos and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2001; Migliorini et al., 2001; Abel et al., 2002; Antos and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2002; Abel et al., 2004; Ziomek and Antos, 2005; Mun and Wang, 2008a), or as in Rodriguess group with the purification of proteins by Ion Exchange-SMB (IE-SMB) (Li et al., 2007; Li et al., 2008). Also worth of note is the MCSGP (Multicolumn Counter-current Solvent Gradient Puri fication) process (Aumann and Morbidelli, 2006; Strohlein et al., 2006; Aumann and Morbidelli, 2007; Aumann et al., 2007; Aumann and Morbidelli, 2008; Mller-Spth et al., 2008), commercialized by ChromaCon AG (Zrich, Switzerland), which combines two chromatographic separation techniques, the solvent gradient batch and continuous counter-current SMB for the separation of multicomponent mixtures of biomolecules. 2.7. Hybrid-SMB: SMB combined with other processes It is possible to improve the performance of SMB units by integrating it with other different separation techniques. The more simple application of this approach is to combine in series the two different processes and then recycle back the outlets between (or within) the different units (Lorenz et al., 2001; Amanullah et al., 2005; Kaspereit et al., 2005; Amanullah and Mazzotti, 2006; Gedicke et al., 2007). Among these, an interesting hybrid SMB was presented by M. Bailly et al., (2005; Abdelmoumen et al., 2006), the M3C process; or the similar process: Enriched Extract operation (EE-SMB) (Paredes et al., 2006), in which a portion of the extract product is concentrated and then re-injected into the SMB at the same, or near to, the collection point. The use of SMB-PSA apparatus is also referred in the literature for gas phase separations, (Rao et al., 2005; Sivakumar, 2007; Kostroski and Wankat, 2008). The use of two SMB units with concentration steps between, for the separation of bi nary mixtures, was also developed under the denomination of hybrid SMB-SMB process (Jin and Wankat, 2007a). 2.8. The SMBR multifunctional reactor The integration of reaction and separation steps in one single unit has the obvious economical advantage of reducing the cost of unit operations for downstream purification steps. Besides reactive distillation, reactive extraction or membrane reactors, the combination of (bio)chemical reaction with SMB chromatographic separator has been subject of considerable attention in the last 15 years. This integrated reaction-separation technology adopts the name Simulated Moving Bed Reactor (SMBR). Several applications have been published considering the SMBR: the enzymatic reaction for higher-fructose syrup production (Hashimoto et al., 1983; Azevedo and Rodrigues, 2001; Borges da Silva et al., 2006; S Gomes et al., 2007a); meter a dos FOS the esterification from acetic acid and -phenethyl alcohol and subsequent separation of the product -phenetyl acetate (Kawase et al., 1996), or methyl acetate ester (Lode et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2003a); the synthesis and separation of the methanol from sy ngas (Kruglov, 1994); the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol (Mazzotti et al., 1996b); the lactosucrose production (Kawase et al., 2001); the MTBE synthesis (Zhang et al., 2001); the diethylacetal (or dimethylacetal) synthesis (Silva, 2003; Rodrigues and Silva, 2005; Silva and Rodrigues, 2005a; Pereira et al., 2008); the ethyl lactate synthesis from lactic acid and ethanol (Pereira et al., 2009a; Pereira et al., 2009b); the biodiesel synthesis (Geier and Soper, 2007) falta uma; or the isomerization and separation of p-xylene (Minceva et al., 2008) faltam os franceses, are examples that prove the promising potential of this technique. Depending on the reactive system some interesting arrangements of the general SMBR setup can be found in the literature, a more detailed review of several SMBR applications can be found elsewhere (Minceva et al., 2008). 2.9. Multicomponent separations The application of SMB technology to multicomponent separations has also been an important research topic in the last years. The common wisdom for such multicomponent process is the simple application of SMB cascades (Nicolaos et al., 2001a, 2001b; Wankatt, 2001; Kim et al., 2003; Kim and Wankat, 2004); nevertheless, there are some non-conventional operation modes that proved to have interesting performance, as the one introduced by the Japan Organo Co. (www.organo.co.jp), called JO process (or Pseudo-SMB); this process was discussed in detail (Mata and Rodrigues, 2001; Borges da Silva and Rodrigues, 2006, , 2008) and (Kurup et al., 2006a). The process is characterized by a 2-steps operation: (a) in the first step the feed is introduced while the intermediary product is recovered with the whole unit working as a fixed bed; (b) during the second step the feed stopped, the unit works as a standard SMB and the less and more retained products are collected, see Annex I for details. The u se of two different adsorbents (Hashimoto et al., 1993), two different solvents (Ballanec and Hotier, 1992), or a variation of the working flow rates during the switching period (Kearney and Hieb, 1992), were also proposed. 2.10. SMB Gas and Super Critical phases Most of the industrial applications of SMB technology operate in the liquid phase; nevertheless, SMBs can also be operated under supercritical conditions; where a supercritical fluid, typically CO2, is used as eluent offering a number of advantages namely reduction of eluent consumption, favourable physicochemical properties and lower pressure drop and higher column efficiency (Clavier and Nicoud, 1995; Clavier et al., 1996; Denet and Nicoud, 1999; Depta et al., 1999; Denet et al., 2001; Johannsen et al., 2002; Peper et al., 2002; Peper et al., 2007). Also in the gas phase the recent developments have been remarkable (Storti et al., 1992; Mazzotti et al., 1996a; Juza et al., 1998; Biressi et al., 2000; Cheng and Wilson, 2001; Biressi et al., 2002; Rao et al., 2005; Lamia et al., 2007; Mota et al., 2007b; Sivakumar, 2007; Kostroski and Wankat, 2008). Meter a do propano propylene 3. SMB design, modeling, simulation and optimization Over the last 50 years, design, modeling, and optimization of chromatographic separation processes have been frequent research subjects. As consequence, several modeling methods, strategies and approaches have been developed, the more relevant are reviewed in this section. 3.1. Design strategies The design of an SMB based separation involves taking decisions at many levels, from the configuration of the unit (number of columns per section, column and particle size) to operating conditions (feed concentration, switching time, internal flow rates). Although simulation can be exhaustively done until the right combination of parameters is found for the expected performance, it is useful to have a design method that will provide a preliminary estimation of the optimum operating point, followed by simulation and/or optimization, (S Gomes et al., 2009a). The equivalence between TMB and SMB can be quite useful in the SMB design procedure. Recalling the role of each SMB section (Figure 2c), one can state a set of constraints that will limit the feasible region and allow a complete separation (recover of the more retained species (A) in the extract stream, the less retained one (B) in the raffinate port, and regeneration of the solid in section I as fluid in section IV). Where represents the solid flow rate, the average solid concentration of species in section and the bulk fluid concentration of species in section . The flow rates constraints in Eq. 1b and 1.c will identify the separation region (section II and III), while Eq. (1 a) and Eq. (1 d) the regeneration one (section I and IV). Usually, the fluid and solid velocities in each section are combined into one only operating parameter, such as the from Morbidellis group or the , as used by Ruthven (1989). The identification of constrains, Eq. (1 a) to Eq. (1 d), led to the appearance of several design methodologies, which are usually approximated and/or graphical, providing a better insight to the possible operating regions. From the plates theory and McCabe-Thiele diagrams (Ruthven and Ching, 1989); passing by the analytical solutions for a linear adsorption isotherms system in presence of mass transfer resistances (Silva et al., 2004); to the determination of waves velocities as in the Standing Wave Design (SWD) methodology (Ma and Wang, 1997; Mallmann et al., 1998; Xie et al., 2000; Xie et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2005). A particular emphasis should be given to the strategy developed for binary and multicomponent separations modeled by linear and non-linear isotherms as in (Storti et al., 1989b; Storti et al., 1 993; Mazzotti et al., 1994; Storti et al., 1995; Mazzotti et al., 1996c; Mazzotti et al., 1997b; Chiang, 1998; Migliorini et al., 2000; Mazzotti, 2006b), the so-called Triangle Theory, where the term is treated by assuming that the adsorption equilibrium is established everywhere at every time (Equilibrium Theory, (Helfferich, 1967; Klein et al., 1967; Tondeur and Klein, 1967; Helfferich and Klein, 1970), resulting in a feasible separation region formed by the above constraints Eq. (1 b) and Eq. (1 c), which in the case of linear isotherms takes the shape of a right triangle in the plane, Figure 4, (or a triangle shaped form with rounded lines in non-linear isotherms case), and a rectangular shape in the plane. Recently, this methodology was also extended for the design of SMB units under reduced purity requirements, in which the separation triangle boundaries are stretched to account for different extract and/or raffinate purities (Kaspereit et al., 2007; Rajendran, 2008). Figure 4 Triangle Theory, separation and regeneration regions for linear isotherms, where represents the Henry constant for linear adsorptions isotherms (A: the more retained and B: the less retained species), is the intraparticle porosity; case of (S,R)Tetralol enantiomers, see Section 4.3.2. Nevertheless, the inclusion of mass transfer resistances can deeply affect the result of the design. By taking into account all mass transfer resistances, and running successive simulations, it is possible obtain more detailed separation/regeneration regions, as well as the separation study carried out for three different sections (II, III and I) or (II, III and IV) allowing the analysis of solvent consumption or solid recycling, as proposed in the Separation Volume methodology, (Azevedo and Rodrigues, 1999; Rodrigues and Pais, 2004a), or the influence of the solid flow rate in the separation region (Zabka et al., 2008a). 3.2. Modeling and simulation Generally, one can model a chromatographic separation process, and consequently an SMB unit, by means of two major approaches: by a cascade of mixing cells; or a continuous flow model (plug flow or axial dispersed plug flow, making use of partial differential equations derived from mass, energy and momentum balances to a differential volume element ), (Rodrigues and Beira, 1979; Ruthven and Ching, 1989; Tondeur, 1995; Pais et al., 1998). Each of these approaches can include mass transfer resistances, thermal, and/or pressure drop effects. Nevertheless, most of the recent literature concerning SMB processes just makes use of the continuous approach, detailing the particle diffusion and/or film mass transfer (the Detailed Particle Model), or using approximations to the intraparticle mass transfer rate in a similar way as the Linear Driving Force (LDF) approach presented by Glueckauf (1955a), (Guiochon, 2002). One can argue that an SMB unit is no more than the practical implementation of the continuous counter current TMB process, Figure 2. Consequently, the equivalence between the TMB and a hypothetical SMB with an infinite number of columns can be used in the modeling and design of SMB units. However TMB model approach will just give reasonable results if a considerable number of columns per section is present. The SMB model approach represents an SMB unit as a sequence of columns described by the usual system equations for an adsorptive fixed bed (each column ), thus represented by a PDE system. Nevertheless, the nodes equations can be stated to each section, making use of the equivalence between the interstitial velocity in the TMB and SMB, and thus: The issue here is that, due to the switch of inlet and outlet lines, the boundary conditions to a certain column are not constant during a whole cycle but change after a period equal to the switching time. Since the model equations are set to each column , one will obtain the concentration of species in the begin of each section , , from the following node mass balances: Considering now . This set of equations continues to progress in a similar way (shifting one column per ), until , repeating then from the first switch. As for the TMB model approach, both the Detailed Particle Model and LDF approach can be used with the SMB model approach; nevertheless, and for the sake of simplicity, just the last is detailed in this work. The LDF approximation can now be obtained from , and thus obtaining for the bulk fluid mass balance: and for the mass balance in the particle, with the respective initial: and boundary conditions: where the adsorption equilibrium isotherm is: As a consequence one obtains discontinuous solutions, reaching not a continuous Steady State but a Cyclic Steady State (CSS). By applying the SMB model approach, both the Detailed Particle as LDF strategies, to the case study mentioned before, one obtains the CSS concentration profiles over a complete switching time, Figure 6. 3.3. Performance parameters The performance of the SMB unit for a given separation is usually characterized by the following parameters: purity, recovery, productivity per the amount adsorbent volume and eluent/desorbent consumption per mass of treated product. The definitions of all these performance parameters, for the case of a binary mixture, are given bellow: Purity (%) of the more retained (A) species in extract and the less retained one (B) in the raffinate stream, over a complete cycle (from to ): Recovery (%) of more retained (A) species in extract and the less retained one (B) in raffinate stream, again over a complete cycle: the productivity per total volume of adsorbent : the eluent/desorbent consumption : These parameters hold for both SMB and TMB model approaches; nevertheless, one can simplify: in the SMB model strategy the same equations can be stated for a switching time period (from to ) if the unit is symmetrical, i.e., there are no differences between each switching time period (either due to the implementation of non-conventional modes of operation, or to the use of more detailed models accounting for dead volumes or switching time asymmetries); in the TMB model approach there is no need of the integral calculation, since the solutions from this model strategy are continuous and thus, the performance parameters constant over the time (at the steady state). 3.4. Optimization Usually one can classify the optimization of SMB units according to the type of objective functions: (i) optimization of performance parameters (productivity, adsorbent requirements or desorbent/eluent consumption for given purities and/or recovery requirements); (ii) optimization based on the separation cost. In case (i) each objective function, based on a different set of performance parameters, can lead to a different optimum solution; therefore multi-objective functions procedure should be considered; in the second case (ii) all those different performance parameters can be homogenized/normalized by the separation cost, where separation dependent costs (adsorbent, plant, desorbent/eluent recovery cost, desorbent/eluent recycling, feed losses) and separation independent costs (wages, labour, maintenance, among others) are taken into account and weighted by cost factors, which sometimes are difficult to characterize (Jupke et al., 2002; Chan et al., 2008). To solve these problems, the use of powerful optimization algorithms, such as: IPOPT (Interior Point OPTimizer, (Wa?chter and Biegler, 2006), employed for liquid as gas phase SMB separations (Kawajiri and Biegler, 2006b, 2006a; Mota et al., 2007a; Mota and Esteves, 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2007b; Kawajiri and Biegler, 2008a, 2008b); the commercial package gOPT from gPROMS with a Single (or Multiple) Shooting-Control Vector Parameterization, used in the two level optimization of an existing Parex unit (Minceva and Rodrigues, 2005), for ageing analysis (S Gomes et al., 2008b) and gas phase separation of propane/propylene (S Gomes et al., 2009a) or for optimal economic design (Chan et al., 2008); the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) or the Jumping Gene based algorithms (Deb, 2001), such as NSGA-II-JG, applied by several groups to optimize SMB units, from p-xylene to chiral separations (Zhang et al., ; Zhang et al., 2002a; Subramani et al., 2003b; Zhang et al., 2003a; Wongso et al., 2004; Kurup et al., 2005; Wongso et al., 2005; Kurup et al., 2006c; Paredes and Mazzotti, 2007; Lee et al., 2008; Mun and Wang, 2008b), is recurrent, either in the refinement of the design strategies mentioned before, or as a diagnosis method (such as the use of superstructures SMB considering several hypothetic inlet/outlet recycles), allowing the identification of new SMB configurations or modes of operation. 4. Design, construction and operation of SMB units The design, construction and operation of a new lab-scale flexible SMB unit, the FlexSMBLSRE detailed elsewhere (aper aiche sa gome), is addressed in this section. 4.1. Design and construction 4.1.1. Valves and pumps design As mentioned before, there are several ways to operate an SMB unit; therefore, when designing a new SMB unit, particularly for research purposes, one should take into account its flexibility as a key objective (Chin and Wang, 2004). If one considers an SMB unit as a certain number of packed columns interconnected and feedcontrolled by a specific valves and pumps arrangement, it will be easy to understand that the key factor related with an SMB unit expandability and flexibility is in fact its valves system. An extensive review on the different SMB units valves schemes patented over the years can be found elsewhere (Chin and Wang, 2004). The FlexSMB-LSRE is based on a two SD (SelectDeadend flow path) valves per stream in the extract and raffinate currents, one SD per stream in the feed and eluent/desorbent currents and one twoway valve per column as detailed in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2 FlexSMB-LSRE pumps and valves scheme under a 6 columns configuration, operating a during the first step of a [1221] classic SMB. Bold lines are the active connections; thick lines are stagnant volumes. (alterar a figura) By using this valves and pumps scheme, it is possible to operate most of the non-conventional SMB operating modes and perform columns re-configuration simply by changing some parameters in the automation routines on the computer interface. 4.1.2. Construction When assembling an SMB unit one should take into account that tubing and other equipment will introduce dead volumes; pumps and valves distribution may introduce dead volumes asymmetries, and thus the unit might present in the end some peculiarities which can limit its performance. Therefore, when constructing the FlexSMB-LSRE a preliminary work was undertaken to study possible equipment and columns positing. As result, the tubing and equipment dead volumes were reduced by using of 1mm i.d. tubes and short dead end valves (SD, Valco Instruments Co., Inc.) were employed. To reduce the dead volumes asymmetries, tubes with the same length were used for the same function and all columns assembled in a carousel scheme, Figure 6.4. Photo do SMB To reduce the pumps flow rates fluctuations (fluid inlets, outlets and internal flow rates), four HPLC pumps (VWR International, USA) were used, assisted by two Coriolis flow meters (Bronkhorst High-Tech B.V., Netherlands). One purge valve was installed at the outlet of raffinate stream that together with a purge valve installed next to the extract pump serves to manually regulate the total system pressure, as well as security valves. To avoid variations related to the ports switching velocity asymmetries a distributed connection scheme for the SD valves was used. The FlexSMB-LSRE can operate with a maximum number of columns of 12. For a 6 columns apparatus, all columns were connected to the 12 ways SD valves using just the odd valve connecting positions (i.e., 1,3,,9, 11) in order to reduce the switching time discrepancies. All equipment is connected to an integrated power supply that assures protection from electrical fluctuations as a possible current discharge. 4.1.3. Automation The automation of any laboratorial/industrial unit is a critical task, and as it concerns to an SMB unit, it is probably even more crucial. In fact, a relevant part of these units flexibility relies in its automation and control routines. The LabView (National Instruments, USA) platform, was chosen to automate the FlexSMB-LSRE unit and thus to connect the computer to all controllable equipment: (valves, pumps and flow meters). A LabView based application was then used to provide a user friendly interface between the operator and the equipment, Figure XX. 4.1.4. Columns packing and characterization The common modeling strategies assume that all SMB columns have identical characteristics. However, it is quite difficult to find several columns manufactured with the same specifications (column tubes may have slightly different geometric dimensions, thus, different retention times for a given flow rate), as well as one should take into account that packing procedure is quite irreproducible, and therefore, it results on local fluctuations of the packing density) (Mihlbachler et al., 2001; Mihlbachler et al., 2002). Consequently, once the operator introduces the theoretical optimized operating parameters, the differences between columns arise and different values from the ones expected can appear. Therefore, packing of SMB columns should be carefully done and columns should be repacked if do not present acceptable reproducibly good characterization results. For the FlexSMB-LSRE columns used for the case studies presented in the next Sections, the slurry packing method as chosen and each column packed by means of Analytical Slurry Packer from Alltech Associates Inc. (USA). For each column a slurry of approx. 18.5g of Chiral AD 20m, amylose tris-(3,5 dimethylphenylcarbamate coated onto 20m silica-gel), provided by Chiral Technologies Europe (France) in approx. 36ml of 2-propanol (GC-grade from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Germany) was prepared (pure 2-propanol was chosen as slurry solvent taking into account its physical proprieties, namely its viscosity). For the case studies shown on this work, The column was filled with solvent (2-propanol) and the slurry poured its upper reservoir. Then, the analytical slurry packer pump was connected to the upper reservoir and operated for 10min, at a max solvent pressure of 20bar (approx. 300ml.min-1), the solvent used was a mixture of -hexane/2-propanol, 90/10%, volumetric fraction, (GC-grade from Sigma-A ldrich Chemie, Germany). The reservoir was opened and the excess solvent drained again; the column disconnected from the reservoir and the excess of solid in the top of the column cut with a blade. Each column was evaluated for HETP numbers, tracer experiments were performed by injecting pulses of 100ml of a solution of 0.00667+/-0.00001g of TSO (Trans Stilbene Oxide, racemic mixture standard for this type of operations) and 0.00700+/0.00001g of TTBB (1,3,5 TriTert ButyBenzol, considered non adsorbed) in 25.00+/-0.05ml of heptane-2-propanol (95%-5%, volume fraction) mobile phase. An average HETP value of 0.03cm was found and the retention times obtained from the experiments has a maximum deviation of 5% among all the columns. Therefore, and accounting with the packing supplier specifications, the columns were considered suitable for the SMB operation. 4.2. Operation The technology demonstration stage is a quite important step in the RD flow sheet, and in fact, when it accounts to equipment development it is probably the most important one. To operate and demonstrate some of the potential of the FlexSMB-LSRE unit, a set of different experiments was planned regarding both linear as non-linear adsorption isotherms, under different modes of operation (classic and non-conventional). However, the operation of SMB units is not as straightforward as other batch techniques, and a particular attention must also be directed for some aspects not accounted (or simplified) in the modeling stage. 4.2.1. Real SMB units modeling and design It should be taken into account that the performance of a real SMB unit differs from the ones described by the commonly used modeling and design strategies. There are several factors that can influence the precision of the SMB model predictions, such as: uncertainty in adsorption equilibrium kinetics and hydrodynamics data (diffusivity, axial dispersion coefficients etc.) and bed voidage (packing asymmetries), as well as, extra column dead volumes (tubing, equipment, asymmetries), variation in the port switching velocity (asymmetries and delays), fluctuations in pump flow rates (fluid inlets, outlets and internal), which are not accounted for it in the most commonly used SMB models (Mun et al., 2006). Consequently, if one runs an experimental SMB unit based on the operating parameters obtained by a simple mathematical model, such as the one described in Section CCC, the experimental results may not match the ones that were predicted by the model. Concerning the uncertainty in the equilibrium isotherm data, kinetics data, and even the asymmetries of columns packing, the more precise, and/or accurate, these factors are, better will be the SMB model predictions. Therefore, detailed and precise measurements of all these parameters have to be done a priori, so that they introduce a minimal discrepancy between the SMB model results and the experiments itself. The remaining deviation factors, such as the tubing and equipment dead volumes, pumps and valves asymmetries, related to each SMB unit design and equipment particularities should be taken into account before starting to construct a new SMB unit, as detailed before. However, even after all the work done on the FlexSMB-LSRE unit, the unit still has: 11.5% of dead volumes; the port switching velocity variation (delay) can represent around 0.8 seconds; the fluctuation of the pumps flow rates are still considerable. If the average internal flow rates in each section are kept constant during the SMB operation (as assumed by some SMB design procedure) the SMB performances would not be affected, despite their considerable local variations. This is due to the cyclic mode of operation of these units, leading to compensation of these variations with time. Nevertheless, there are still two major issues concerning the prediction of the SMB performances: the unit SMB design features related with the dead volumes and the switching time asymmetries or delay. To deal with discrepancies between the real SMB operation and that predicted with commonly used models that account only for the presence of SMB columns (and do not consider the surrounding equipment features) one can apply different compensation strategies. For instance, the asynchronous port shift in the Licosep units (Hotier and Nicoud, 1995; Hotier and Nicoud, 1996; Blehaut and Nicoud, 1998), and simplified by switching time compensating strategy ( Sa gOmes). The second strategy was discussed by several authors, within the Triangle Theory spectrum (Migliorini et al., 1999b; Katsuo et al., 2009), or in the case of the Standing Wave Theory (Mun et al., 2003a; Mun et al., 2006). The switching time compensating measure accounts only for equipment dead volumes, the switching time delay or asymmetry is still not compensated when this measure is used. They can be included in the switching time compensation measure as true delay in the switching time, as follows: For the FlexSMB-LSRE: Where represents the switching time for an ideal SMB unit with zero dead volumes, the total dead volumes in section , ml.min1, the units average flow rate and the sub switching time delay (see Figure 6.14). The corrected separation region using the extension to the switching time compensating measure is shown in Figure 6.17. As can be observed in Figure 6.17, the SMB-zero dead volumes separation region corrected by the dead volumes and switching time delay (asymmetries) almost matches the one obtained with the detailed model. By this means it is possible to easily obtain a precise and realistic separation region without running tedious simulations related with the more detailed SMB models. 4.2.2. Separation of racemic mixture of (S,R)Tetralol enantiomers (linear Isotherms) by conventional SMB As case study it is presented the resolution of a racemic mixture of (S,R)Tetralol 9(S,R)-()-1,2,3,4 Tetrahydro-1-naphthol) at the concentration of 1.0g.dm3 in a heptane/2propanol (95%/5% volumetric fraction) solvent basis, using the 6 stainless steel columns packed with CSP Chiralpak AD (diameter particle size of 20m). a) Determination of adsorption and kinetic parameters Since the racemic mixture to be separated would be prepared at 1.0g.dm3, near diluted conditions, the adsorption equilibrium was represented by means of a linear formula characterized by an Henry constant for each enantiomer , . Consequently, the sorption parameters were determined by means of pulse experiments in a stainless steel column (=25cm and I.D.=0.46cm) packed with Chiralpak AD (diameter particle size of 20m) also using the Analytical Slurry Packer as described before. A racemic solution of 0.5g.dm3 (S,R)Tetralol (minimum 99% purity, Fluka Chemie, Switzerland) was prepared in a heptane/2propanol (95%/5% volumetric fraction, also from Sigma Aldrich, previously degassed and filtrated trough a 0.2m and 50mm I.D. NL 16-membrane filter (Schleicher Schuell, Germany), and loaded into a 10l loop that was then injected by means of a Knauer injection valve installed on a Gilson HPLC unit. The consequent peaks were measured by means of a UV detector set at 270nm. The procedure was rep eated for four different flow rates (4.4ml.min1; 8.5ml.min1; 12.5ml.min1; and 16.6ml.min1). The peaks retention times () were then deducted from the equipment dead volumes (0.50ml for the injector and 0.01ml for the detector) and plotted in function of the measured flow rate, Figure 6.18. The slopes obtained from both regression lines (Figure 6.18) were then used to determine the Henry adsorption constants of both enantiomers from and thus obtaining (R=A and S=B): and . The same overall mass transfer coefficient as defined in Zabka and Rodrigues (2007), was used to lump both the intraparticle as film mass transfer resistances and defined by . Where was calculated from the Linear Driving Force (LDF) approximation suggested by Glueckauf (1955b) (with the effective pore diffusivity define by , the pore porosity, , the particle porosity obtained from , the molecular diffusivity calculated by the Wilke-Chang equation (1955) and extended to mixed solvents by Perkins and Geankoplis (1969) with the absolute temperature, the solution viscosity, calculated according to Teja and Rice method for liquid mixtures (1981), the solute molar volume and obtained form where are the molar fractions, the molar masses and are the association factors constants which account for solute-solvent interactions); and obtained from , with the Sherwood number, the Schmidt number defined by and the Reynolds number: . The contribution of molecular diffusion to axial dispersion is assumed to be negligible and therefore the axial dispersion coefficient ( obtained from, (Zabka and Rodrigues, 2007). b) Determination operating parameters and operation After the determination of the equilibrium adsorption parameters it was possible to draw both the theoretical separation as the regeneration regions for the separation under study and choose suitable operating conditions, Taking into account the equipment limitations as maximum pressure drop allowable (20bar), it was possible to calculate the following operating parameters: ml.min-1, =6.0ml.min-1, =1.0ml.min-1, =4.5ml.min-1, =2.5ml.min-1, =2.95min. Applying the dead volumes and switching time delay correction (from eq. 6.3) it was found that the switching time compensating measure should be about 4% (based on an average flow rate of 25.0ml.min1), and thus correcting the switching time for 3.05min. About 5dm3 of nheptane/2propanol (95%/5% volumetric fraction) solution was prepared and filtrated as mentioned before. This mixture served as Eluent as well as solvent for the preparation of 1dm3 of the racemic mixture of (S,R)Tetralol at 1.0g.l1 used as Feed. The extract and raffinate flow rates were monitored by means of the total recovered mass in each outlet over complete cycles and weighted on a laboratorial balance with 0.01g of precision. The extract flow rate was also measured by means a Coriolis flow meter installed for control purposes at the extract stream outlet. The recycle flow rate was monitored by the other Coriolis flow meter. The experimental average flow rates, as well as geometric features, number of columns and SMB configuration are reported in Table 6.9. Table 6.9 Experimental operating conditions for the (S,R)Tetralol racemic mixture separation . Columns and packing parameters = 10cm = 2.0cm = 0.4 = 0.5g.dm3 20m SMB operating conditions (measured) 3.05min 28.7ml.min1 24.3ml.min1 25.3ml.min1 22.9ml.min1 Eluent Extract Feed Raffinate 5.8ml.min1 4.4ml.min1 1.0ml.min1 2.4ml.min1 The different model equations presented in this work were numerically solved using the gPROMS v2.3.6 a commercial package from Process Systems Enterprise (www.psenterprise.com), by applying the OCFEM (Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements) with 2 collocation points per element, 50 elements in each column for the axial coordinate and 3 collocation points and 5 elements for the radial discretization (when necessary). After the axial and/or radial discretization step, the time integration is performed by the ordinary differential equation solver SRADAU a fully-implicit Runge-Kutta method that implements a variable time step, the resulting system is then solved by the gPROMS BDNSOL (Block decomposition NonLinear SOLver). An absolute and relative tolerance value was set to 105. The separation was undertaken throughout 28 cycles. During the operation, samples of extract and raffinate average concentrations were withdrawn (referent to a complete cycle, namely: cycle 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 13; 15; 17; 19; 27), To plot the FlexSMB-LSRE concentration profile, from cycle 20 to cycle 25, a single sample in each cycle was withdrawn for 10 seconds, at the middle of the switching time period , by means of a 6 ports sampling valve installed on the outlet of column 6 for internal profile sample I, III, IV and V; and at the extract and raffinate ports for profiles samples VI and II, respectively, see Annex VIII. The same procedure was then repeated in cycle 27, but now with all sampling apparatus occurring within the same cycle. Both sampling procedures resulted in almost the same concentration profile, proving that collecting six samples per cycle will not influence too much the SMB internal profiles. In Figure 6.21 the internal concentration profile obtained from cycle 20 to 27.. The simulated results fit well the experimental ones, even the secondary plateau noted next to the left of major plateau of the more retained species in section II and the right of the major plateau of the less retained species in section III (related with dead volumes of both extract and raffinate lines), are well predicted by the extended dead volumes model used. All samples (extract and raffinate average concentrations, as well as internal profiles) were loaded into a 10l loop and then injected by means of a Knauer injection valve installed on a Gilson HPLC unit into an analytical column CHIRALCEL OBH (25cm and 0.46cm I.D., supplied by Chiral Technologies, France) using as mobile phase the same solution used for eluent purposes. The consequent peaks were measured by means of a UV detector set at 270nm and concentrations determined according with calibration curve obtained from linear regression of Area vs. Concentration ( of 5 standards (g.dm-3, of each enantiomer) with a with a All experiments (separation with the SMB unit and analytical procedures) were run at laboratorial conditions (approximately 25C). 4.3. Control of SMB units In recent years the control of SMB units has also been wide investigated (Erdem et al., 2004b; Engell, 2007; Grossmann et al., 2008a; Grossmann et al., 2008b). Several reports on dynamic control strategies include nonlinear control strategies such as: the input-output linearizing control, where the controller action is based on a nonlinear state estimator using the TMB model (Kloppenburg and Gilles, 1999a); and model predictive control (MPC) (Natarajan and Lee, 2000; Erdem et al., 2004a; Dietz and Corriou, 2008); or design on the basis of neural networks (Wang et al., 2003). Also a model based SMB control where an optimal trajectory is calculated off-line was proposed by (Klatt et al., 2000; Klatt et al., 2002) and from wave reconstruction (Kleinert and Lunze, 2008). A more recent strategy based on the nonlinear wave propagation phenomena aims to control the central sections of the SMB unit by controlling the position of the concentration fronts (Schramm et al., 2003a). The control o f chromatographic processes (SMB included) by means of the standard control procedures (P, PI or PID controllers), but detecting characteristic points of the unit where the history of a specific variable of the fractions of the mixture to be separated will be representative for the control action was also addressed (Valery and Morey, 2009). 5. Conclusions